Do you ever get confused with must and have to? These two verbs can be used in similar ways but we have to be careful when we use them in the negative as the meaning changes completely. This is particularly difficult for some language learners as there may only be one word in their language for both must and have to.

The Coffee Break English Show is a podcast series of informal conversations to help you understand some difficult topics in English! In the latest episode, Nick and Francesca look at how we can use must and have to in the positive and negative forms and provide four simple rules to show their differences in meaning.

So, let’s get started and look at the rules for must and have to. Why not get a cup of coffee or tea to enjoy while you read and listen to the podcast episode?

1. Must

We use must to talk about obligations. They can be external rules or laws but they can also express an obligation or strong advice. Let’s look at some examples:

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You must wear a seatbelt when you are driving.

We use must to show we are obligated to do this.

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You must keep your dog on a lead in this park.

This is a rule. You are obligated to do this when you are in the park.

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You must be careful when carrying a knife.

This is strong advice based on what we believe to be a good idea.

2. Mustn’t

We use mustn’t to talk about prohibition. We are saying that it is not possible or permitted to do something.

Let’s look at some examples:

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You mustn’t drive on the right side of the road in the UK.

This is a law. We use mustn’t to show you are prohibited from doing this.

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You mustn’t look at your phone during the exam.

This is a rule. You are prohibited from doing this when you are in the exam.

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You mustn’t touch the oven, it is hot.

This is strong advice based on what we believe to be a bad idea.

3. Have to

We use have to to talk about necessity. Have to can often be used to talk about obligations as there is a strong similarity here with must, but the idea is that we need to do something.

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You have to wear a helmet when you cycle on the road.

This is a law. We use have to to show that it is necessary to do this action in this context.

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You have to pay attention during the safety explanation on an airplane.

This is a rule. Have to demonstrates that this is something we need to do.

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You have to wear warm clothes in the winter in Sweden.

This is advice that shows something is necessary in order to avoid something happening (being cold), or to make something happen (being warm).

4. Don’t/doesn’t have to

When using must and have to, we need to be careful with the negative forms. Because we are considering the meaning of have to as something that is necessary, it is now easy to understand that the negative form means something that is not necessary. It can show that there is no obligation in this situation.

Let’s look at some examples:

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You don’t have to wear a seatbelt when the car is parked.

This shows the absence of a law. We use don’t have to to show that it is not necessary to do the action.

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He doesn’t have to wear a shirt and tie in the office. They have a casual dress code.

This shows the absence of a rule. It demonstrates that this is something we do not need to do in this context.

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You don’t have to take a medical kit when you go on a walk but it could be a good idea in case someone gets injured. 

This shows that there is no obligation to take the item. You have a choice.

Choosing between must and have to

Because there is such a similarity in meaning between must and have to, it can be difficult to know which one you should use in different contexts. But it is important to remember that you can normally use both without really changing the meaning. 

Must is generally stronger than have to, so when you are choosing which one to use, think about how important the information is and if it is urgent, it is best to use must. If you are only communicating something general that doesn’t need urgency or to be convincing, have to might be better.

If you want more practice with have to, check out Coffee Break English episode 4: season 4!

Here’s a visual summary of ‘must’ and ‘have to’

If you found this lesson helpful, make sure to watch the full episode of The Coffee Break English Show with Nick and Francesca, where we dive even deeper into must vs. have to! We release new episodes regularly, covering essential grammar topics to help you improve your English so make sure you subscribe to our YouTube channel so you never miss a lesson!

Plus, don’t miss your free worksheet – perfect for extra practice after the lesson! When you sign up, you’ll also receive our short coffee break-sized email lessons, delivered straight to your inbox every week, to help you build your English skills. 💪 You’ll even hear from Mark, the founder of Coffee Break Languages, who shares regular tips and motivation for learners of all levels. Sign up below! 👇

So, start practicing must and have to whenever you can!  Remember, small daily steps lead to big improvements. It’s all part of your language-learning journey.

☕ Happy Coffee Breaking!

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Are you able to use comparative adjectives in English? Do you know the grammar rules?

One thing that can be tricky in English is when you want to make the comparative stronger or weaker. There are different ways we can do this and we just need to practise them to get them right!

The Coffee Break English Show is a podcast series of informal conversations to help you understand some difficult topics in English. In the latest episode, Nick and Mark look at how to use modifiers to strengthen (and weaken) comparative sentences.

Continue reading to find out more and why not listen to the podcast as you go?

So, let’s get started and look at comparative sentences!

A review of comparative adjectives in English

Here is a quick review of the grammar rules for comparative adjectives in English. If you would like more practice with comparative adjectives, check out Episode 1 of Season 3 of Coffee Break English!

One-syllable adjectives

clean >> cleaner than

big >> bigger than 

small >> smaller than

Two-syllable adjectives with -y

happy >> happier than

funny >> funnier than

Adjectives with two or more syllables

expensive >> more expensive than

comfortable >> more comfortable than

Exceptions

fun >> more fun than

good >> better than

bad >> worse than

far >> further than

Modifying comparative sentences

We use modifiers to make comparative adjectives stronger or weaker. A modifier is a word that changes the meaning of a sentence, in this case making the sentence stronger or weaker. If you want to make your comparisons stronger you can use intensifiers. Common examples of English adverbs that intensify an idea are much, a lot and way. We can also use far and significantly in more formal situations.

But maybe you want to make your comparison less strong. In that case, you should use weakeners. Some common examples of English adverbs that weaken ideas are a bit, a little and slightly.

Sounding natural when making comparisons

When we use modifiers with comparative adjectives, we often change our intonation to emphasise what we want to say. This means that we often stress the modifier more than the adjective.

When we are making the meaning of the sentence stronger, we can stress the word in a loud and deep way. For example:

My dog is way bigger than yours.

When we want to say that the difference is small, we can still stress the modifier, but the intonation is different. We often make the sound of the word softer and our intonation goes up. Here’s an example:

I’m feeling a little better today.

It’s your turn!

Now, let’s practise! Write down sentences comparing the ideas below and try to modify the comparative adjectives to show big and small differences. You can find some examples at the end of this blog post.

Always try to give as much detail as you can when you use a foreign language. The easy option is to stay in your comfort zone but the best way to learn is to try to be as descriptive as possible which will definitely help you increase your speaking (or writing) level. Be ambitious!

If you found this post interesting, make sure you listen to the full podcast episode with Nick and Mark on The Coffee Break English Show. We will release more episodes soon about some more useful topics! Subscribe to our podcast feed and our channel on YouTube to learn when the next episode is available.

Plus, don’t miss your free worksheet – perfect for extra practice after the lesson! When you sign up, you’ll also receive our short coffee break-sized email lessons, delivered straight to your inbox every week, to help you build your English skills. 💪 You’ll even hear from Mark, the founder of Coffee Break Languages, who shares regular tips and motivation for learners of all levels. Sign up below! 👇

Try modifying your comparative sentences whenever you can. By trying to be as precise and detailed as possible when communicating, you are improving your control of the language. Don’t worry if you make mistakes – it’s about regular and consistent practice and not just taking the easiest way to achieving your communicative goal, but challenging yourself to improve with every practice opportunity.

Happy Coffee Breaking!

P.s. Here are some possible answers to the prompts given above:

• The mountains are much more interesting than the beach.
• Summer is way more fun than winter.
• Dogs are a bit nicer than cats. 
• Monday is a lot more difficult than Friday!

Listen to the podcast